Chronic Kidney Disease- Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD) including renal osteodystrophy and extraskeletal (vascular) calcifications are related to abnormal changes in bone mineral metabolism that occur in individuals with CKD (KDIGO, 2012). CKD–MBD is a systemic disorder of mineral and bone metabolism due to CKD manifested by either one or a combination of the following: abnormalities of calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone (PTH), or vitamin D metabolism; abnormalities in bone turnover, mineralization, volume, linear growth, or strength; vascular or other soft-tissue calcification (KDIGO, 2009). Renal osteodystrophy is an alteration of bone morphology in patients with CKD. It is one measure of the skeletal component of the systemic disorder of CKD–MBD that is quantifiable by histomorphometry of bone biopsy (KDIGO, 2009). Metastatic Calcification is a complication of prolonged end stage renal disease and untreated CKD-MBD. Vascular calcification or arteriolopathy (CUA) is the most common type of extra-osseous calcification seen in renal disease, manifesting as both medial and intimal classification of large arteries (Moe, 2004). is under the classification of renal osteodystrophy and is characterized by incomplete mineralization of normal osteoid tissue following growth closure. It is a part of the spectrum of osseous abnormalities observed in renal disease (Moe, 2004).
KDIGO. (2012).Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl. 2013;3:1-150.
KDIGO. (2009). Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD-MBD Work Group. KDIGO Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). Kidney Int. 2009; 76 (Suppl 113):S1-S130.
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