Patients unable to ingest adequate nutritional needs from food, supplements and/or intradialytic parenteral nutrition (IDPN), may receive total parenteral nutrition (TPN). TPN contains carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids, electrolytes, vitamins, mineral and trace elements.
Rocco, M.V. & Ikizler, T.Alp. (2014). Nutrition. In J.T. Daugirdas, P.G. Blake, & T.S. Ing. (Eds.), Handbook of dialysis (5th ed., pp. 535-554). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.